Перевод и анализ слов искусственным интеллектом ChatGPT
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- примеры употребления (несколько фраз с переводом)
- этимология
expressed his protest - перевод на итальянский
![During the [[American Civil Rights Movement]] and the [[March on Washington]], leaders marched from the [[Washington Monument]] to the [[Lincoln Memorial]], August 28, 1963.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1963 march on washington.jpg?width=200 "During the [[American Civil Rights Movement]] and the [[March on Washington]], leaders marched from the [[Washington Monument]] to the [[Lincoln Memorial]], August 28, 1963.")
![Crowd in front of a McDonald's in [[Wangfujing]] on the [[2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jasmine Revolution in China - Beijing 11 02 20 crowd.jpg?width=200 "Crowd in front of a McDonald's in [[Wangfujing]] on the [[2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests]]")
![Demonstration in front of the [[British parliament]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Manifs à londres contre la guerre en irak.JPG?width=200 "Demonstration in front of the [[British parliament]]")
![[[Orange Revolution]] demonstrations lasted so long that demonstrators set up tents.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Orange rev2.jpg?width=200 "[[Orange Revolution]] demonstrations lasted so long that demonstrators set up tents.")
.JPG?width=200 "2013 Peace March for Hungary in Budapest")
![Gatot Subroto Avenue]] in front of the DPR/MPR Building.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/September2019jakartademo2.jpg?width=200 "Gatot Subroto Avenue]] in front of the DPR/MPR Building.")
![interchange]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Slussen (sluice area) 2015 October Stockholm.jpg?width=200 "interchange]].")
![labor-rights]] political [[activism]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Working-class protest in Greece.JPG?width=200 "labor-rights]] political [[activism]].")
![An anti-[[Naftali Bennett]] demonstration in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]], on September 23, 2021. One of the signs the demonstrators primarily carried translates in English to "BENNETT DANGEROUS TO ISRAEL!".](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/הפגנה בתל אביב.jpg?width=200 "An anti-[[Naftali Bennett]] demonstration in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]], on September 23, 2021. One of the signs the demonstrators primarily carried translates in English to \"BENNETT DANGEROUS TO ISRAEL!\".")
Определение
Википедия
In genetics, an expressed sequence tag (EST) is a short sub-sequence of a cDNA sequence. ESTs may be used to identify gene transcripts, and were instrumental in gene discovery and in gene-sequence determination. The identification of ESTs has proceeded rapidly, with approximately 74.2 million ESTs now available in public databases (e.g. GenBank 1 January 2013, all species). EST approaches have largely been superseded by whole genome and transcriptome sequencing and metagenome sequencing.
An EST results from one-shot sequencing of a cloned cDNA. The cDNAs used for EST generation are typically individual clones from a cDNA library. The resulting sequence is a relatively low-quality fragment whose length is limited by current technology to approximately 500 to 800 nucleotides. Because these clones consist of DNA that is complementary to mRNA, the ESTs represent portions of expressed genes. They may be represented in databases as either cDNA/mRNA sequence or as the reverse complement of the mRNA, the template strand.
One can map ESTs to specific chromosome locations using physical mapping techniques, such as radiation hybrid mapping, Happy mapping, or FISH. Alternatively, if the genome of the organism that originated the EST has been sequenced, one can align the EST sequence to that genome using a computer.
The current understanding of the human set of genes (as of 2006) includes the existence of thousands of genes based solely on EST evidence. In this respect, ESTs have become a tool to refine the predicted transcripts for those genes, which leads to the prediction of their protein products and ultimately of their function. Moreover, the situation in which those ESTs are obtained (tissue, organ, disease state - e.g. cancer) gives information on the conditions in which the corresponding gene is acting. ESTs contain enough information to permit the design of precise probes for DNA microarrays that then can be used to determine gene expression profiles.
Some authors use the term "EST" to describe genes for which little or no further information exists besides the tag.
